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In many cases of middle and outer ear infections, antibiotics are necessary. The type of ear infection you have will determine the type of treatment. If your outer ear is scratched or if you irritate the outer lining of your ear by putting your fingers or other objects in your ear, a bacterial infection can occur. The moisture becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. That’s because it often starts as a result of water that remains in your ear after swimming or bathing. Learn more: What you should know about eustachian tube dysfunction » Outer ear infectionĪn outer ear infection is sometimes called swimmer’s ear. When fluid inside these tubes can’t drain, it builds up against your eardrum. Swelling can prevent them from draining properly. They connect to the back of your nose and throat.Īn infection can irritate the eustachian tubes and cause them to swell. These tubes regulate air pressure inside your ear. The infection moves to one or both ears through the eustachian tubes. Middle ear infectionĪ middle ear infection often originates from a cold or other respiratory problem. But whether you get an outer or middle ear infection depends on how you become infected. The ear may become:Įar infections are often caused by bacterial infections. An outer ear infection often starts as an itchy rash. The outer ear is that part of your ear that extends out from your eardrum to the outside of your head.Īn outer ear infection is also known as otitis externa. You may also have trouble hearing until the infection starts to clear. Along with an earache, you may sense fullness in your ear and have some fluid drainage from the affected ear.
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It’s caused by fluid trapped behind the eardrum, which causes the eardrum to bulge. The middle ear is the area right behind your eardrum.Ī middle ear infection is also known as otitis media. Inner ear trouble may be a sign of a more serious condition, such as meningitis. In addition to ear pain, symptoms include: Inner ear infectionĪ condition diagnosed as an inner ear infection may actually be a case of inflammation, and not an actual infection. They correspond to the three main parts of the ear: inner, middle, and outer. ﺣ ghrelin, leptin, melanocortin, obestatinīy clicking site title "Pathways" when visiting item.There are three main types of ear infections.Granulocyte self-protection is achieved in reactions employing the dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase and the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water by catalase. Neutrophils and macrophages are able to protect themselves by detoxifying the toxic oxygen intermediates that they generate. Together these reactions produce toxic hypochlorite (OCl-) and singlet oxygen (1O2). Some hypochlorite spontaneously breaks down to yield singlet oxygen. Myeloperoxidase utilizes H2O2 and halide ions (usually Cl-) to produce highly toxic hypochlorite. Oxygen-dependent myeloperoxidase-dependent intracellular killingįusion of azurophilic granules with the phagosome causes release of myeloperoxidase into the phagolysosome. Together these reactions produce the toxic oxygen compounds superoxide anion (O2-), H2O2, singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH
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Additionally, superoxide anion can react with H2O2, resulting in the formation of hydroxyl radical plus more singlet oxygen. A portion of the superoxide anion is converted to H2O2 plus singlet oxygen by superoxide dismutase. The activated NADPH oxidase then employs oxygen to oxidize the formed NADPH with resultant production of superoxide anion. Cytochrome B from the granulocyte-specific granule combines with and activates plasma membrane NADPH oxidase. Oxygen-dependent myeloperoxidase-independent intracellular killing.ĭuring phagocytosis, glucose is metabolized via the pentose monophosphate shunt, with formation of NADPH. Bacteria can also be killed by pre-formed substances released from granules or lysosomes upon bacterial fusion with the phagosome – oxygen-independent intracellular killing.ġ. The respiratory burst generates several oxygen-containing compounds that kill the bacteria uncergoing phagocytosis – oxygen-dependent intracellular killing. During phagocytosis the phagocytic cell undergoes an increase in glucose and oxygen consumption termed the respiratory burst.